What is cash-on-cash return?
Cash-on-cash return measures the annual cash flow a property generates as a percentage of the actual cash you invested to acquire it. It's the “return on the money you put in” — and unlike the cap rate, it accounts for financing. For a worked example start to finish, see how to calculate cash-on-cash return.
The formula
What goes into annual cash flow
Start with monthly rent. Subtract every monthly outflow:
- Mortgage principal + interest
- Property taxes
- Insurance
- HOA (if any)
- Owner-paid utilities
- Property management fees
- Maintenance, vacancy, and CapEx reserves
Multiply the result by 12 for annual cash flow. The calculator above does this automatically using your inputs.
What goes into total cash invested
- Down payment (price × down payment %)
- Closing costs (typically 2–4% of price)
- Any upfront rehab
- Loan points or origination fees, if paid out of pocket
Don't include the mortgage balance — that's the bank's money, not yours.
What's a good cash-on-cash return?
| Range | Profile |
|---|---|
| < 4% | Low modeled current yield; compare the property's risk and full return case with your alternatives. |
| 4–8% | Common for appreciation-focused coastal markets. |
| 8–12% | Illustrative range only; whether it is adequate depends on the investor and deal. |
| 12–20% | Higher modeled current yield; verify rent, expenses, leverage, and risks. |
| 20%+ | Verify rents and reserves — possible over-optimism. |
Compare CoC with current, like-for-like alternatives using the same horizon, liquidity, volatility, taxes, and transaction-cost assumptions. Do not use a stale savings rate, historical index average, forecast appreciation, tax effect, or principal paydown as a guaranteed hurdle or offset.
CoC isn't the whole story
Real estate offers four other return components CoC doesn't capture: appreciation, principal paydown (mortgage amortization builds your equity), tax savings from depreciation, and forced equity from value-add work. Total ROI / IRR over the hold period includes all of these.
Use CoC for “does this deal beat my other options for cash today?” — and use the full TrueCap analyzer for the after-tax, multi-year, exit-aware view. If you currently run this math in another tool, see how TrueCap stacks up against the BiggerPockets calculator.
Common mistakes
1. Ignoring closing costs
Leaving them out of the denominator inflates CoC. A 12% CoC becomes 10.5% when you add typical closing costs. The realistic number is the one to plan around.
2. Forgetting reserves
Maintenance, vacancy, and CapEx aren't monthly bills — they're infrequent but expensive. A property that cash-flows $400/mo before reserves often cash-flows $50/mo after honest ones.
3. Comparing across markets
A 12% CoC in Cleveland is normal. A 12% CoC in San Francisco is suspicious. Compare CoC within a market, not across markets.
Frequently asked questions
What is cash-on-cash return?+
Cash-on-cash return (CoC) is the annual pre-tax cash flow a property generates divided by the total cash you put into the deal — down payment plus closing costs plus any rehab. It tells you how hard your invested money is working, factoring in leverage.
What's a good cash-on-cash return?+
There is no universal good cash-on-cash return. Compare property-specific scenarios with your required return, liquidity needs, risk, financing, reserves, taxes, and realistic alternatives. Any unusually high modeled result deserves a rent, expense, leverage, and capital-work sanity check.
What's the difference between cash-on-cash and cap rate?+
Cap rate ignores financing — it measures the property as an asset. Cash-on-cash includes financing — it measures your money's return. Two buyers can produce wildly different CoC returns on the same property by varying the down payment, but the cap rate stays the same.
Does cash-on-cash include appreciation or principal paydown?+
No. CoC measures only the cash that hits your checking account each year. Appreciation and principal paydown are real returns but they show up in total ROI or IRR over the hold period, not in CoC.
How do I include closing costs in cash-on-cash?+
Add them to your total cash invested. CoC = annual cash flow ÷ (down payment + closing costs + any rehab). Closing costs typically run 2–4% of purchase price; leaving them out inflates the CoC return on paper.
What if I buy with cash — no mortgage?+
Then cash-on-cash equals cap rate (minus the small drag of closing costs in CoC's denominator). The benefit of cash purchases is simplicity and no DSCR worry; the cost is that all your equity is locked into one asset.